The Language of Composition
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Description
For over a decade, The Language of Composition has been the most successful textbook written for the AP® English Language and Composition Course. Now, its esteemed author team is back, giving practical instruction geared toward training students to read and write at the college level. The textbook is organized in two parts: opening chapters that develop key rhetoric, argument, and synthesis skills; followed by thematic chapters comprised of the finest classic and contemporary nonfiction and visual texts. With engaging readings and reliable instruction, The Language of Composition gives every students the opportunity for success in AP® English Language.
AP® is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.Preface
1 Introducing Rhetoric: Using the “Available Means” Activity Understanding Civil Discourse
The Rhetorical Situation
Lou Gehrig, Farewell Speech
Occasion, Context, and Purpose Activity Analyzing a Rhetorical Situation
The Rhetorical Triangle
Activity Mina Shahinfar, First PersonANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Recognizing Rhetoric Frida Kahlo, Self-Portrait on the Borderline between Mexico and the United States (painting)
Activity Newell Convers Wyeth, Covered Wagons Heading West (painting)
Ethos
Automatic Ethos
King George VI, The King’s Speech (September 3, 1939)
Building Ethos
J. D. Vance, from Hillbilly Elegy
Activity Establishing Ethos
Logos
Conceding and Refuting Alice Waters, from Slow Food Nation
Activity Tim Wu, from Mother Nature Is Brought to You By…
Pathos
Richard Nixon, from The Checkers Speech
Activity Dwight D. Eisenhower, Order of the Day
Combining Ethos, Logos, and Pathos
Benjamin Banneker, from Letter to Thomas Jefferson Activity Appealing to Ethos, Logos, and Pathos ANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Identifying Rhetorical Appeals
Tom Toles, Rosa Parks (cartoon)
Activity Nate Beeler, Government Is Watching (cartoon)
Taking Rhetorical Risks
Anne Applebaum, If the Japanese Can’t Build a Safe Reactor, Who Can?
Activity Using Effective Rhetoric on Social Media
Humor and Satire in Rhetoric
Alexandra Petri, Barbie Is Past SavingBroti Gupta, The Rules of United Airlines Fight or Flight Club Activity The Onion, Girl Moved to Tears by “Of Mice and Men” Cliff’s NotesANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Taking Rhetorical RisksRolling Stone magazine, The Bomber (magazine cover)
Activity Taking Rhetorical Risks
Culminating Activity Helen Keller, Letter to Mark 2 Close Reading: The Art and Craft of Rhetorical AnalysisAnalyzing Rhetorical Strategies
A Model Analysis
Queen Elizabeth I, Speech to the Troops at Tilbury
Activity Looking at Rhetoric and Style
Activity Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Restoring Black HistoryTalking with the Text
Asking Questions
Geoffrey Nunberg, from The Decline of Grammar Activity Geoffrey Nunberg, from The Decline of Grammar Annotating
Florence Kelley, Speech on Child Labor Using a Graphic Organizer
From Close Reading to Rhetorical Analysis
Activity Winston Churchill, Blood, Toil, Tears, and SweatANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Close Reading
Dodge, It’s a Big Fat Juicy Cheeseburger in a Land of Tofu (advertisement)
Activity Coach 1941, Spring 2016 (advertisement)From Analysis to Essay: Writing a Rhetorical Analysis Essay
Shirley Chisholm, from People and Peace, Not Profits and War
Preparing to Write
Developing a Thesis Statement
Organizing a Rhetorical Analysis Essay
Integrating Quotations
Documenting Sources
A Sample Rhetorical Analysis Essay
Culminating Activity Hillary Clinton, 2016 Concession Speech3 Analyzing Arguments: From Reading to WritingWhat Is Argument?
Tom Toles, Crazed Rhetoric (cartoon)
Amy Domini, Why Investing in Fast Food May Be a Good Thing
Activity Finding Common Ground
Staking a Claim
Activity Identifying Arguable Statements
Types of Claims
Claims of Fact
Claims of Value
Roger Ebert, Star Wars
Activity Analyzing a Review
Claims of Policy
Anna Quindlen, from The C Word in the Hallways
Activity New York Times Editorial Board, Felons and the Right to VoteANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Identifying Claims
Canadian Journalists for Free Expression, Information is Ammunition (advertisement)
Activity World Wildlife Fund, Tarzan (advertisement) From Claim to Thesis
Closed Thesis Statements
Open Thesis Statements
Counterargument Thesis Statements
Presenting Evidence
Relevant, Accurate, and Sufficient Evidence
Logical Fallacies
Fallacies of Relevance
Fallacies of Accuracy
Fallacies of Insufficiency
Activity Francine Prose, from I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot ReadANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Identifying Fallacies
PETA, You Wouldn’t Let Your Child Smoke (advertisement)
Heap Analytics, Same Data, Different Y-Axis (graphs)
Activity Omega Watch, George Clooney’s Choice (advertisement)
U.S. Department of Education, High School Graduation Rate (graph) First-Hand Evidence
Personal Experience
Jennifer Oladipo, Why Can’t Environmentalism Be Colorblind?
Anecdotes Fabiola Santiago, In College, These American Citizens Are Not Created Equal
Current EventsCharles Camosy, from Trump Won Because College-Educated Americans Are Out of Touch Second-Hand Evidence
Historical Information
Expert Opinion
Quantitative Evidence Activity Nicholas Kristof, Do You Care More About a Dog Than a Refugee?
Shaping Argument
Classical Oration
Sandra Day O’Connor and Roy Romer, Not by Math Alone
Induction and Deduction
Induction
Malcolm Gladwell, from Outliers Deduction
Combining Induction and Deduction
Thomas Jefferson, The Declaration of Independence
Using Rogerian Argument
Using the Toulmin Model
Activity Using Argument Templates
Analyzing Assumptions Activity Identifying Assumptions
Activity Michael Bloomberg, Ground Zero Mosque Speech
ANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Examining Arguments
Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother (photograph)
Activity The New Yorker, July 11 & 18, 2016 (magazine cover)
ANALYZING VISUAL TEXTS
Evaluating Arguments
Dorothea Lange, Migrant Mother (photograph)
Activity The New Yorker, July 11 & 18, 2016 (magazine cover)
Activity Michael Bloomberg, Ground Zero Mosque SpeechFrom Reading to Writing: The Argumentative Essay
Preparing to Write
Establishing a Position Considering Questions of Fact, Value, and Policy Crafting a Thesis Activity Developing Thesis Statements
Organizing Your Argument Introducing Your Argument
Informing Your Audience
Supporting Your Argument
Acknowledging and Refuting the Counterargument
Concluding Your Argument
A Sample Argumentative Essay
Culminating Activity Writing an Argumentative Essay4 Synthesizing Sources: Entering the ConversationWhat Is Synthesis?
Approaching Sources
Activity Playing the Believing Game
Using Sources to Inform an ArgumentLaura Hillenbrand, from Seabiscuit Activity Gerald L. Early, from A Level Playing Field
Using Sources to Appeal to an Audience
Steven Pinker, from Words Don’t Mean What They Mean
Steven Pinker, from The Stuff of Thought
Steven Pinker, from The Evolutionary Social Psychology of Off-Record Indirect Speech Acts
Activity Examining a Columnist
Conversation Is Technology Making Us Dumber?
Activity Establishing a Position
1. Mark Bauerlein, from The Dumbest Generation Activity Mark Bauerlein, from The Dumbest Generation
2. Alison Gopnik, Is “Screen Time” Dangerous for Children?
Activity Examining Two Sources: Bauerlein and Gopnik
3. R. Smith Simpson, from Are We Getting Our Share of the Best?
4. Jacqueline Howard, This Is How the Internet Is Rewiring Your Brain
Activity Examining Two Sources: Simpson and Howard
5. Nicholas Carr, The Illusion of Knowledge
6. Michael Agger, from Interview with Clive Thompson’s Smarter Than You Think Activity Finding Common Ground
7. Sherry Turkle, from Stop Googling. Let’s Talk. Activity Sherry Turkle, from Stop Googling. Let’s Talk.
8. Pew Research Center, Americans’ Cell Phone Use During Social Activity (graph)
Activity Identifying Key Conversation Issues
Writing a Synthesis Essay
Identifying the Issues: Recognizing Complexity
Formulating Your Position
Activity Supporting a Thesis
Framing Quotations
Integrating Quotations
Activity Using Sources Effectively
Citing Sources
A Sample Synthesis Essay
Culminating Conversation Mandatory Community Service
1. Barack Obama, from Commencement Address at Wesleyan University2. Frank Bruni, from To Get to Harvard, Go to Haiti?
3. Lily Lou, The Downside of School Volunteer Requirements4. Corporation for National and Community Service, Volunteering: A Pathway to Employment (infographic)
6. Detroit News, Volunteering Opens Teen’s Eyes to Nursing7. Eliza McGraw, from With a Homeless Center on Campus, Students Have an Unusual Chance to Serve
5 EducationTo what extent do our schools serve the goals of a true education?Central Essay Fareed Zakaria, from In Defense of a Liberal Education Classic Essay Frederick Douglass, The Blessings of Liberty and EducationOther Voices
Ralph Waldo Emerson, from Education
James Baldwin, A Talk to Teachers
Lori Arviso Alvord, Walking the Path Between Worlds Francine Prose, I Know Why the Caged Bird Cannot Read David Sedaris, Me Talk Pretty One Day Barbara Oakley, Why Virtual Classes Can Be Better Than Real Ones Nicholas Kristof, My Friend, the Former Muslim Extremist Danielle Allen, What Is Education For?
Nikole Hannah-Jones, Have We Lost Sight of the Promise of Public Schools? Visual Texts Cyril Edward Power, The Exam Room (linocut)
Roz Chast, What I Learned: A Sentimental Education from Nursery School through Twelfth Grade (cartoon) Conversation The Future of High School
1. Horace Mann, from Report of the Massachusetts Board of Education2. Leon Botstein, Let Teenagers Try Adulthood3. Meditation in Schools across America (infographic)
4. Nicholas Wyman, Why We Desperately Need to Bring Back Vocational Training In Schools5. Amanda Ripley, What America Can Learn from Smart Schools in Other Countries6. Leslie Nguyen-Okwu, How High Schools Are Demolishing the Classroom7. Brentin Mock, from We Will Pay High School Students to Go to School. And We Will Like It.8. Amy Rolph, This High School Wants to Revolutionize Learning with Technology AP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions Fareed Zakaria, from In Defense of a Liberal Education Frederick Douglass, from The Blessings of Liberty and EducationSuggestions for Writing
Education
6 Popular Culture
To what extent does pop culture reflect our society’s values?Central Essay James McBride, Hip Hop Planet Classic Essay
Mark Twain, Corn-Pone Opinions Other Voices
Ray Bradbury, The Affluence of Despair David Denby, High-School Confidential: Notes on Teen Movies
Emily Nussbaum, The Price Is Right: What Advertising Does to TV Troy Patterson, How the Motorcycle Jacket Lost Its Cool and Found It Again Hua Hsu, How to Listen to Music
Angelica Jade Bastién, Have Superheroes Killed the Movie Star?
Mark Greif, Get Off the Treadmill: The Art of Living Well in the Age of Plenty Justin Peters, The Ballad of Balloon Boy
Bob Dylan, Nobel Prize Banquet SpeechVisual Texts John Singer Sargent, Mrs. Carl Meyer and Her Children (painting)
Andy Warhol, Myths (painting)
from Formation (photograph) Conversation The Value of Celebrity Activism
1. C. Wright Mills, from The Power Elite2. Dave Gilson, Dr. Clooney, I Presume? (illustration)
3. Brad Knickerbocker, West Memphis Three: Internet Campaign, Hollywood Drove Their Release4. Andres Jimenez, Why Celebrity Activism Does More Harm Than Good5. Jeffrey Kluger, Jim Carrey, Please Shut Up about Vaccines6. Georgia Cole, Ben Radley, and Jean-Benoit Falîsse, Who Really Benefits from Celebrity Activism?
7. Joshua Ostroff, Beyoncé and Why Celebrity Activists Matter8. Jay Caspian Kang, Should Athletes Stick to Sports?
AP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions
James McBride, from Hip-Hop Planet Mark Twain, from Corn Pone OpinionsSuggestions for Writing
Popular Culture 7 The Environment
What is our responsibility to the natural environment?Central Essay Rachel Carson, from Silent Spring Classic Essay Ralph Waldo Emerson, from Nature Other Voices Aldo Leopold, from The Land Ethic
Lewis Thomas, Natural Man
Terry Tempest Williams, The Clan of One-Breasted Women
Wangari Maathai, Nobel Prize Lecture Bill McKibben, A Moral Atmosphere Barry Yeoman, From Billions to None Joel Achenbach, Why Science Is So Hard to Believe Sarah Zhang, Save the Galapagos with GMO Rats. What Could Go Wrong? E. O. Wilson, A Biologist’s Manifesto for Preserving Life on Earth John Mooallem, Our Climate Future Is Actually Our Climate PresentVisual Texts Robert Crumb, A Short History of America (cartoon)
Royal Dutch/Shell, Let’s Go (advertisement) Conversation Sustainable Eating
1. Michael Pollan, from Unhappy Meals
2. James McWilliams, The Locavore Myth
3. Nicolette Hahn Niman, The Carnivore’s Dilemma4. Jonathan Safran Foer, Let Them Eat Dog: A Modest Proposal for Tossing Fido in the Oven
5. Will Allen, A Good Food Manifesto for America6. Aliza Eliazarov, from Waste Not (visual essay)
7. Emily Anthes, from Could Insects Be the Wonder Food of the Future?
8. Bahar Gholipour, Lab-Grown Meat May Save a Lot More Than Farm Animals’ LivesAP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions
Rachel Carson, from Silent Spring
Ralph Waldo Emerson, from NatureSuggestions for Writing
The Environment 8 Community
What is the relationship of the individual to the community?Central Essay Martin Luther King Jr., Letter from Birmingham Jail Classic Essay Henry David Thoreau, Where I Lived, and What I Lived For Other Voices Oliver Goldsmith, National Prejudices
Robert D. Putnam, Health and Happiness
Amy Tan, Mother Tongue Rebecca Solnit, from A Paradise Built in Hell Malcolm Gladwell, Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted Lee Smith, Raised to Leave: Some Thoughts on “Culture” David Brooks, How Covenants Make Us Sebastian Junger, from Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging J. D. Vance, Why I’m Moving Home Ted Closson, A GoFundMe Campaign Is Not Health Insurance (graphic essay)Visual Texts Norman Rockwell, Freedom from Want (painting)
Nissan Motor Company, The Black Experience Is Everywhere (advertisement)Conversation Building Online Communities1. Laura Hudson, from Curbing Online Abuse Isn’t Impossible. Here’s Where We Start.2. Pew Research Center, Online Harassment (graphs)
3. Emma Sterland, Online Forums Are a Lifeline for Isolated Parents of Disabled Children4. Sven Birkerts, from Changing the Subject: Art and Attention in the Internet Age5. Dex Torricke-Barton, from How the Internet Is Uniting the World6. Mallory Ortberg, from The Companions of My Heart: On Making Friends on the Internet7. Jenna Wortham, from Is Social Media Disconnecting Us from the Big Picture?
8. Emerson Csorba, The Constant Sharing Is Making Us Competitive and DepressedAP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions
Martin Luther King, Jr., from Letter from Birmingham Jail Henry David Thoreau, from Where I Lived, and What I Lived ForSuggestions for Writing
Community 9 SportsHow do the values of sports affect the way we see ourselves?Central Essay Gay Talese, The Silent Season of a Hero Classic Essay Frances Willard, from How I Learned to Ride the Bicycle: Reflection of an Influential Nineteenth-Century WomanOther Voices Theodore Roosevelt, The Proper Place for Sports William Faulkner, An Innocent at Rinkside Joyce Carol Oates, The Cruelest Sport Jane Smiley, Barbaro, The Heart in the Winner’s Circle Malcolm Gladwell, Man and Superman
Claudia Rankine, The Meaning of Serena Williams Michael Powell, Uprooted to Brooklyn, and Nourished by Cricket Rahawa Haile, How Black Books Lit My Way Along the Appalachian TrailVisual Texts New York World, The Twelfth Player in Every Football Game (cartoon)
Sports Illustrated, Yes! (magazine cover)Conversation Paying College Athletes
1. Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, from College Athletes of the World, Unite2. Rosalyn R. Ross, Paying Student Athletes Is More Than Just a Question of Compensation
3. Ekow N. Yankah, Why N.C.A.A. Athletes Shouldn’t Be Paid4. Joe Nocera, A Way to Start Paying College Athletes5. John R. Thelin, Here’s Why We Shouldn’t Pay College Athletes6. Nigel Hayes, Broke College Athlete (photograph)
7. Shane Battier, from Let Athletes Be Students8. Patrick Hruby, from Does Racial Resentment Fuel Opposition to Paying College Athletes? AP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions
Gay Talese, from The Silent Season of a Hero Frances Willard, from How I Learned to Ride the BicycleSuggestions for Writing
Sports 10 MoneyWhat is the role of money in our everyday lives?Central Essay Barbara Ehrenreich, from Serving in Florida Classic Essay
Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal Other Voices Andre Carnegie, from The Gospel of Wealth Booker T. Washington, The Atlanta Exposition Address Lars Eighner, On Dumpster Diving
Eric Schlosser, from In the Strawberry Fields
Peter Singer, The Singer Solution to World Poverty
Carmen Maria Machado, Luxury Shopping, from the Other Side of the Register Charles Murray, A Guaranteed Income for Every American Jia Tolentino, The Gig Economy Celebrates Working Yourself to Death Matthew Desmond, from House Rules: How Homeownership Became the Engine of American InequalityVisual Texts Diego Rivera, Night of the Rich (mural)
Hazel Florez, Panama Papers (collage)Conversation The Cost of College1. Sara Goldrick-Rab and Nancy Kendall, Make the First Two Years of College Free2. Matt Bruenig, The Case against Free College3. Gallup, The Relationship between Student Debt, Experiences and Perceptions of College Worth (graphs)
4. Bernie Sanders, Make College Free for All5. Keith Ellison, The Argument for Tuition-Free College
6. Thomas Sowell, No Way That Going to College Can, or Should Be, Free7. Anya Kamenetz, Is Free College Really Free?AP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions
Barbara Ehrenreich, from Serving in Florida Jonathan Swift, from A Modest ProposalSuggestions for Writing
Money
11 GenderWhat is the impact of the gender roles that society creates and enforces?Central Essay Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers’ GardensClassic Essay
Virginia Woolf, Professions for Women Other Voices John and Abigail Adams, Letters Charlotte Brontë, Biographical Notice of Ellis and Acton Bell Judy Brady, I Want a Wife Stephen Jay Gould, Women’s Brains Brent Staples, Just Walk on By: A Black Man Ponders His Power to Alter Public Space Jimmy Carter, Losing My Religion for Equality Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Why Can’t a Smart Woman Love Fashion?
Jessa Crispin, from Why I Am Not a Feminist: A Feminist Manifesto Cristina Henríquez, Doubly Denied Zoe Williams, Why Wonder Woman Is a Masterpiece of Subversive Feminism
Visual Texts Charles Le Brun, Chancellor Séguier at the Entry of Louis XIV into Paris in 1660 (painting) & Kehinde Wiley, The Chancellor Séguier on Horseback (painting)
J. Howard Miller, We Can Do It! (poster) & Abigail Gray Swartz, The March (magazine cover)Conversation Defining Masculinity
1. Leonard McCombe, Marlboro Man (photo)
2. Paul Theroux, Being a Man3. Stephanie Coontz, from The Myth of Male Decline4. Kali Holloway, from Toxic Masculinity Is Killing Men5. Roberto A. Ferdman, The Perils of Being Manly6. Frank Miniter, The Hard, Adrenaline-Soaked Truth about “Toxic Masculinity”7. Emily Bobrow, from The Man Trap8. Andrew Reiner, Talking to Boys the Way We Talk to GirlsAP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions
Alice Walker, from In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens Virginia Woolf, from Professions for Women Suggestions for Writing
Gender 12 JusticeTo what extent do our laws and politics reflect the values of a just society? Central Essay Ta-Nehisi Coates, from Between the World and MeClassic Essay
Henry David Thoreau, On the Duty of Civil Disobedience Other Voices Abraham Lincoln, The Gettysburg Address
Emmeline Pankhurst, from Freedom or Death George Orwell, Politics and the English Language Earl Warren, A Home for American Jurisprudence John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address
Ronald Reagan, Statement on United States Immigration and Refugee Policy Robert C. Solomon, from Justice and the Passion for Vengeance Naomi Shihab Nye, To Any Would-Be Terrorists
Atul Gawande, from Hellhole Barack Obama, Remarks by the President at the 50th Anniversary of the Selma to Montgomery Marches
Jennifer Lackey, The Irrationality of Natural Life Sentences Mitch Landrieu, Truth: Remarks on the Removal of Confederate Monuments in New Orleans Bryan Stevenson, A Presumption of Guilt Patrick Radden Keefe, Why Corrupt Bankers Avoid Jail
Visual Texts George Biddle, Society Freed through Justice (mural)
Eugène Delacroix, Liberty Leading the People (painting) & Sandow Birk, Injustice Leading Greed and Opportunity (painting)Conversation The Limits of Free Speech
1. Thane Rosenbaum, Should Neo-Nazis Be Allowed Free Speech?
2. Eugene Volokh, No, There’s No “Hate Speech” Exception to the First Amendment3. Sean Stevens and Nick Phillips, Free Speech is the Most Effective Antidote to Hate Speech4. Lata Nott, Free Speech Isn’t Always Valuable. That’s Not the Point.5. Laura Beth Nielsen, The Case for Restricting Hate Speech6. Signe Wilkinson, Free Speech (cartoon)AP®-Style Multiple-Choice Questions
Ta-Nehisi Coates, from Between the World and Me Henry David Thoreau, from The Duty of Civil Disobedience Suggestions for Writing
Justice Appendix A: Grammar as Rhetoric and Style Part 1 Diction and Syntax1. Appositives
2. Modifiers
3. Pronouns
4. Direct, Precise, and Active Verbs
5. Concise Diction Part 2 Syntax and Structure6. Parallel Structures
7. Short Simple Sentences and Fragments
8. Cumulative, Periodic, and Inverted Sentences
9. Subordination in Complex SentencesAppendix B: Argument Strategies Rogerian Argument E. O. Wilson, from Letter to a Southern Baptist Pastor
Activity Mitch Landrieu, from Truth: Remarks on the Removal of
Confederate Monuments in New OrleansAppendix C: Practice AP® English Language and Composition ExamAppendix D: MLA Guidelines for a List of Works CitedGlossaryAcknowledgments Index
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